X-ray Guided (Stereotactic) Breast Biopsy
What is X-ray Guided Breast Biopsy?
Mammography is an excellent way to detect breast abnormalities, but in many
cases it is not possible to tell from the imaging studies alone whether
a growth is benign or cancerous. To make this determination it is necessary
to obtain a tissue sample for microscopic examination. As an alternative
to open surgical biopsy, which removes an entire breast lump for microscopic
analysis, a hollow needle may be passed through the skin into the suspicious
lesion with the help of special breast x-rays. The small sample of breast
tissue obtained in this way can show whether the lesion is malignant or
benign, and the procedure is much less invasive than the surgical approach.
A special computerized mammography machine uses intersecting coordinates
to pinpoint the area of tissue change. This method is called stereotactic
biopsy or x-ray-guided biopsy. A pathologist examines the obtained specimen
and makes a final diagnosis so that treatment planning can begin.
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What are some common uses of the procedure?
A stereotactic breast biopsy is most helpful when mammography shows a mass,
a cluster of microcalcifications (tiny calcium deposits that are closely
grouped together), or an area of abnormal tissue change, but no lump can
be felt on careful breast examination. There are a number of biopsy instruments
and methods that are utilized with x-ray guidance. They include core biopsy,
which uses a large-bore needle to remove a generous sample of breast tissue,
and a vacuum assisted needle biopsy device (VAD), which uses vacuum suction
to obtain a tissue sample.
X-ray images also are used to place a guide wire into the suspicious area
in order to help locate the lesion during open surgical biopsy, which is
performed in an operating room.
An x-ray-guided biopsy often is done when:
- A woman has a mammogram showing a suspicious solid mass that cannot
be felt on breast examination.
- A woman has a mammogram showing a suspicious cluster of
small calcium deposits.
- The structure of the breast tissue is distorted.
- A new mass or area of calcium deposits is present at a
previous surgery site.
- The patient or physician strongly prefers a non-surgical
method of assessment.
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How should I prepare for the procedure?
Even though most women who have a breast biopsy are found not to have cancer,
despite an abnormality on the mammogram, you may want to have a relative
or friend join you to lend support and to drive you home. If you are taking
aspirin or a blood thinner, your physician may want you to stop three days
in advance of the biopsy.
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What does the equipment look like?
Sometimes a specially designed table is used for stereotactic biopsy. In
this case, the patient is lying face-down with her breast projecting through
a hole in the table. The actual biopsy is done below the table after raising
it to gain access to her breast. The procedure also may be done with the
patient upright in a chair, but she must not move during the procedure.
An upright study may be best for those women who might have difficulty
climbing onto the table, or who are unable to lie prone for any reason.
A paddle-shaped instrument compresses the breast during biopsy. A tray is
nearby, containing all of the equipment necessary for the biopsy.
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How does the procedure work?
In addition to the specialized equipment needed for x-ray-guided breast
biopsy, specially trained technologists and physicians perform the procedure.
The images are obtained not with x-ray-exposed film, as in conventional
mammography, but using computerized or digital imaging in place of a film
cassette. This reduces x-ray exposure to the breast, and also permits the
images to be viewed on a computer monitor seconds after exposure—compared
with the several minutes needed to develop x-ray film. The principle of
stereotactic biopsy is that a lesion can be located precisely in three
dimensions by calculating its apparent change in position on angled x-ray
images. The first x-ray locates the abnormality in the breast, after which
two stereo views are obtained, each angled 15 degrees to either side of
the initial image. The physician then marks the lesion electronically on
the stereo images. The computer calculates how much the lesion's position
appears to have changed on each of the stereo views, and in this way is
able to determine its exact site in three-dimensional space.
One of two biopsy instruments may be used in the procedure:
- The conventional biopsy device (core needle biopsy device) consists
of an inner needle with a trough extending from it at one end and an
overlying sheath. It is attached to a spring-loaded mechanism that,
when fired, shoots forward, filling the trough with tissue. The outer
sheath instantly moves forward to cut the tissue and keep it in the
trough. Each sample is obtained in a fraction of a second. It is necessary
to withdraw the needle after each sample is taken to collect the tissue.
- A newer type of instrument, the VAD, uses vacuum pressure
to pull breast tissue into a needle and remove it without
having to withdraw the needle after each sampling. Another advantage
of this device is that biopsies are obtained in an orderly
manner by rotating the probe, assuring that the entire
region of interest will be sampled. Using the automated core biopsy
needle, sampling is more random.
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How is the procedure performed?
The first step is to clean the skin and inject a local anesthetic. A small
nick is made in the skin and the tip of the biopsy needle is advanced to
the calculated site of the lesion. At this point stereo images are again
obtained to confirm that the needle tip actually is within the lesion.
Usually five to 10 samples are collected when doing a core biopsy, and
at least 12 when using the VAD. Then a final set of images is obtained.
If they show that the lesion has been mostly or completely removed, a small
clip is left at the biopsy site so that it can be easily located if the
lesion proves to be cancer. Afterward the skin opening is covered with
a dressing; it need not be sutured. You will be told to avoid strenuous
activity for 24 hours after returning home, but then will usually be able
to resume normal activities.
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What will I experience during the procedure?
X-ray-guided breast biopsy can take from 30 to 60 minutes or more. Most
women report little or no pain, and no scar is left from the tiny skin
incision. Many women find that the major discomfort of the procedure is
from lying on their stomach for the length of the procedure. This discomfort
may be reduced by strategically placed cushions.
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Who interprets the results and how do I get them?
A diagnosis requires processing numerous, high-quality slides over a period
of one to five working days. When your biopsy findings are ready you may
have a session with your physician to discuss the results and decide on
the next step. If cancer is found, you may be referred to a surgeon or
tumor specialist.
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What are the benefits vs. risks?
Benefits
- X-ray-guided breast biopsy is an excellent way to evaluate tiny masses
that are not visible on ultrasound, or calcium deposits.
- X-ray-guided core needle biopsy is a simple procedure that may be
performed in an outpatient imaging center.
- Compared to open surgical biopsy, the procedure is completed more
rapidly at about one-third the cost. Generally it is not painful, and
the results are as accurate as when a tissue sample is removed surgically.
No breast defect remains and, unlike surgery, x-ray-guided core needle
biopsy does not distort the breast tissue and make it difficult to
read future mammograms.
- Recovery time is brief and patients can soon resume their usual activities.
- Use of the VAD may make it possible to remove the entire lesion.
Risks
- Because the VAD removes large pieces of tissue, there is a risk of
bleeding and forming a hematoma, a collection of blood at the biopsy
site. The risk, however, appears to be less than 1 percent of patients.
- An occasional patient has significant discomfort, which can be readily
controlled by non-prescription pain medication.
- Any procedure where the skin is penetrated carries a risk of infection.
The chance of infection requiring antibiotic treatment appears to
be less than one in 1,000.
- Standard core biopsies require several needle insertions. There is
some concern that if a cancerous mass is present, cancer cells might
be displaced and spread, but whether this actually happens is not known
and it does not appear to be clinically significant. This does not
appear to be a risk using the VAD.
- X-ray-guided breast biopsy is not infallible. The lesion may be missed
altogether, or the extent of disease underestimated.
- Special care is taken during x-ray examinations to ensure maximum
safety for the patient. Women should always inform their doctor or
x-ray technologist if there is any possibility that they are pregnant.
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What are the limitations of X-ray Guided Breast Biopsy?
Lesions accompanied by diffuse calcium deposits scattered throughout the
breast are difficult to target by stereotactic biopsy. Those lesions near
the chest wall also are hard to evaluate by this method. If the mammogram
shows only a vague change in tissue density but no definite mass or nodule,
the x-ray-guided method may not be successful. Occasionally, even after
a successful biopsy, the tissue diagnosis remains uncertain and a surgical
biopsy will be necessary, especially when atypical or precancerous cells
are found on core biopsy.
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